The biggest advantage of using theory x and theory y is that they are easy to understand. Mcgregor s theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and. I also would like to compare and contrast the two theories and detail how theory y fits better into the public administration field. In 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he. In the 1960s, douglas murray mcgregor, a famous mit professor of management wrote a book named the human side of enterprise in which he analyzed the various behaviors of professionals at work. Many theorists support that mcgregor s theory considers the field of management from a new angle, indicating a strong influential value. Mcgregors theory x and theory y theory of motivation. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. In contrast to the principles of conventional management mentioned as theory x, the advocated theory y illuminated a cluster of new or redefined concepts such as selffulfilling prophecy and responsibility. Douglas mcgregor taught psychology and industrial management at mit and was president of antioch college from 1948 to 1954.
The theory x management style is based on a pessimistic view of human nature and assumes the following. Therefore most people must be motivated by forcedbribed with the threat of punishment or a reward to produce effort and work towards organizational objectives. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. Douglas murray mcgregor 1906 1 october 1964 was a management professor at the mit sloan school of management and president of antioch college from 1948 to 1954. Mcgregor developed a philosophical view of humankind with his theory x and theory y in 1960. Theory x managers believe that their employees come to work just to earn a living, and that they dont want to take on new responsibilities. His second and fourth novels were longlisted for the booker prize in 2006 and 2017 respectively. In his 1960 management book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor made his mark on the history of organizational management and motivational psychology when he proposed the two theories by which managers perceive employee motivation. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y essay 847 words 4 pages. The theory x and theory y are the theories of motivation given by douglas mcgregor in 1960s. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a lecturer at harvard university and became the first sloan fellows professor at mit his theory x and theory y was detailed in the human side of enterprise, published in 1960. Douglas mcgregor, one of maslow s students, influenced the study of motivation with his formulation of two contrasting sets of assumptions about human nature theory x and theory y.
His 1960 book the human side of enterprise had a profound influence on education practices popo is a raafat of abraham maslow. According to mcgregor 1960, the more pessimistic view of human naturetheory xwhich he claimed was the predominant perspective in the 1950s, was based on three assumptions. All employees do not want to work other than to maintain a standard of living. In this essay i will elaborate more on the douglas mcgregors theory x and y as well as how the theory has added value in the methods of the management that managers today use to reach organizational goals. The main purpose of this study is to take a closer look at how teachers work with writing and to examine some theories on the teaching of writing.
To start off with, heres a brief definition of mcgregors theory x and theory y. Kopelman professor of management baruch college david j. Douglas murray mcgregor 1906 1 october 1964 was an american organizational theorist and management professor at the mit sloan school of management and president of antioch college from 1948 to 1954. Douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous xy theory in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. At the time of mcgregors writing, there was increasing attention being given to the human and organizational costs resulting from the scientific management. Theory x and theory y management oxford bibliographies. Theory x and theory y were part of mcgregors philosophy of management, which represented a fundamental change in. Leaders know best, and should closely direct actions taken by staff, with little room for independence and. These managers assume that people dont enjoy work in fact, they would surely avoid doing it.
Theory y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive shapers of. Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor in his book the human side of enterprise 1960. Pdf application of mcgregors theory x and theory y. A study of ways of working with writing in the 9th grade emelie ahlsen and nathalie lundh. While mcgregors theory y model has been widely adopted in management literature as the preferred model, theory. Dogan unlucan mcgregor theories x and theory y student. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y biography of douglas mcgregor douglas mcgregor was born on 1906 in detroit, america. The first part asked a participant to write creative and imaginative stories in. I would like to apply the same theories in education describing teacherx and teachery. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the. Mcgregor developed two theories of human behaviour at work. Douglas mcgregor wrote about theory x and theory y in the late 1950s and early 1960s. How american business can meet the japanese challenge.
In the 1960s, douglas mcgregor from mit came up with the theoryx and theoryy to describe styles of managers. Proposed theory x and theory y to be recognized as motivational theories in developing managerial leadership. Introduction douglas mcgregor 19061964 followed a mostly academic career lecturing at harvard university, massachusetts institute of technology mit and antioch college, becoming the first sloan fellows professor at mit. Xteacher and theory yteacher aboluays anas musings. Perception of management toward the employees in the banking industry of bangladesh article pdf available november 2017 with 9,339 reads. It became very popular in the field of hr and it was a model that helped shift management from the negative paradigm to a positive spin.
Rather, he saw the two theories as two extremes with a whole spectrum of possible behaviours in between. Toward a constructvalid measure article pdf available in journal of managerial issues 202. Mcgregors theories x and y introduction to business. Critically evaluate mcgregors theroy x and theory y. Management treats workers as units of production rather than recognizing them as human beings who have other needs that must. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop.
Following are the merits of mcgregors approach to explaining human behaviour. She is also a content writer, business coach and company trainer and lives in the netherlands europe. Evaluating mcgregors theory as an approach to management. It encapsulated a fundamental distinction between management styles and has formed the basis for much subsequent writing on the subject. In 1993 mcgregor was listed as the most popular management writer alongside henri fayol andreas huczynski, management gurus what makes them and how to become one. Theory x and theory y are still referred to regularly in the fields of management and motivation. Theory z william ouchi first things first theory z is not a mcgregor idea and as such is not mcgregors extension of his xy theory. In 1960 he published the human side of management, in which he introduced the concept of theory x and theory y styles of management.
Davis colonel tooele army depot douglas mcgregors landmark book, the human side of enterprise 1960, changed the path of management. Prottas assistant professor of management adelphi university anne l. Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human motivation. Theory x was mcgregors name for the style of management most in use at the time. This is the idea behind douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y. Although mcgregor s theory may be employed in few corporations, this theory is generally not applicable in most contemporary chinese organizations. Pdf douglas mcgregors landmark book, the human side of enterprise, changed the path of management thinking and practice by. The classical organizational approach that mcgregor associated with theory x. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. Small business owners in the sishane lighting and chandelier district. Comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z, and theory. Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960.
Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact on organizational performance. Mcgregor propounded theories x and y which explain the nature of man as viewed by different schools of thought. There is no question that theory x and theory y had an incredible impact on management thinking. Jon mcgregor born 1976 is a british novelist and short story writer. The average person dislikes work and will avoid it if possible.
According to mcgregor 1960, 1966, management styles that the supervisors apply in a work setting range from theory x. Newton professional manager isn every field are familiar with douglas mcgregors. He referred to these opposing motivational methods as theory x and. This refers to an authoritarian management style, where reward and punishment is seen as the best way to motivate employees to meet objectives. This article describes the theory x and theory y of douglas mcgregor. Mcgregors work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. Theory y therefore offers a more successful and more positive approach to employee motivation than theory x. What are the advantages and disadvantages of theory x and. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y essay 847 words. Implications of mcgregors theory on teaching method mcgregors theory x and y. I would like to compare douglas mcgregors theory x and y sets of human behavior assumptions with detailed information relating to mcgregors research and the philosophy behind each set x and y. The author sets forth a model of how theory y relates to managerial style and behavior.
He also taught at the indian institute of management calcutta. After reading you will understand the background and the practical basics of these leadership styles what is theory x and theory y. Mcgregor named these assumptions as theory x and theory this essay would examine the pros and cons of this theory of employee motivation, followed by writer s opinion. Fortythree years ago, douglas mcgregors the human side of enterprise offered managers a new assumption of management theory y, which would be more effective than what he considered thencurrent management assumptions theory x. In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a famous management professor in the field of personal development and motivational theory. He proposes what he believes is a more practical alternative. These theories are based on the premise that management has to assemble all the factors of production, including human beings, to get the work done. Many theorists support that mcgregors theory considers the field of management from a new angle, indicating a strong influential value. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. The first being theory y mangers and theory x managers waddell, jones, george 2010, p.
Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi theory x an authoritarian style of management the average worker dislikes work. In 2012, his third novel, even the dogs, was awarded the international dublin literary award. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. His 1960 book the human side of enterprise had a profound influence on education practices. The author responds to a widespread misinterpretation of theory x and y and presents the position that mcgregor s work is, in fact, a contingency approach to management and leadership. Mcgregor believed that managers basic beliefs have a dominant influence. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y have both their advantages and disadvantages, though many would prefer to call them their strengths and weaknesses. Major american writers, such as rosabeth moss kanter, warren bennis and tom peters, whose writings have much influence on. In 1895, it was here that his grandfather, thomas mcgregor started his business and given its name as, mcgregor institute. Theory z was developed by william ouchi, in his book 1981 theory z. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people.
It was in 1957 that douglas mcgregor first proposed the concept of theory x. My boss asks me politely to do things, gives me reasons why, and invites my suggestions. In addition to this, they can help a manager to focus on his thoughts on the different ways in which. In 2002, his first novel was longlisted for the booker prize, making him the youngest ever contender. According to theory x, managers assume that the average employee is lazy, dislikes work, are incapable of selfdirection and will not indulge in hard work. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. Mcgregors ideas about theory x and theory y were first articulated in his article, the human side of enterprise, mcgregor, 1957 and were expanded upon in his book with the same title mcgregor, 1960. The point of my analogy, however, is that the application of theory in this field is a slow. Xy theory questionnaire score the statements 5 always, 4 mostly, 3 often, 2 occasionally, 1 rarely, 0 never to indicate whether the situation and management style is x or y. Theory x and theory y wellknow n to personnel managers in alfield l s do not translate wel intl o practice, say thiss writer. He did not imply that workers would be one type or the other.
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